behavior & genomics
Research in the Snyder-Mackler (SMack) lab in the School of Life Sciences and Center for Evolution and Medicine at Arizona State University sits at the nexus of the social environment and the genome. We use molecular genetic techniques to probe the dynamic interaction between the social environment and the genome with the aim of understanding the fitness consequences of behavioral variation.
Read on to learn more about our team and what we do!
Our team is a community, and we expect community members to contribute to a friendly, safe, equitable, and welcoming environment. Everyone agrees to (1) maintain a collaborative atmosphere and learn from one another, (2) treat one another with respect, combat discrimination, and ensure that people of (including but not limited to) all races, gender-identities, national origins, ethnicities, religions, citizen statuses, ages, sexual orientations, ability statuses, physical appearances, and socioeconomic statuses are and feel equally welcome and valued, and (3) stand up for one another in the face of bias, harassment, discrimination. We agree to communicate about failures in these commitments, either directly and/or through ASU’s reporting mechanism.
| Who | What | When | Where are they now? |
| Layla Brassington | MSc Student | 2020-2023 | PhD student in the Lea Lab @ Vanderbilt |
| Sarah van Dijk | Research Technician | 2022-2023 | PhD student in Immunology @ UCSD |
| Corbin Johnson | PhD Student | 2017-2022 | Postdoc in the Jayadev Lab @ UW |
| Marina Watowich | PhD Student | 2017-2022 | Postdoc in the Lea Lab @ Vanderbilt |
| Alice Baniel | Postdoc | 2017-2022 | Researcher at Montpellier, France |
| India Schneider-Crease | Postdoc | 2017-2022 | Asst. Prof. @ ASU https://wildworms.org/ |
| Trisha Zintel | Postdoc | 2020-2022 | Bioinformatics Engineer @ Sage Bionetworks |
| Marta Koperska | Research Technician | 2022 | PhD Student @ Wake Forest University |
| Sarah Ford | Research Scientist | 2020-2022 | Lab Manager, Shapiro Lab, UCSC |
| Viktoria Usova | Lab Technician | 2019-2020 | |
| Sierra Sams | Lab Manager | 2017-2019 | Associate Genomics Solutions Specialist; Roche |
| Arianne Mercer | Lab Technician | 2019 | |
| Grace DeCastro | Lab Technician | 2018-2019 | Research Techician at Benaroya Research Institute |
Studies of social environmental effects can be difficult to interpret due to the complexity of the human social environment and the inability, due to ethical concerns, to perform experimental manipulations. This has led many researchers to turn to our close genetic relatives, nonhuman primates. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are a particularly important model for human social behavior, health, and aging because they exhibit strikingly similar age-related changes in physiological, cognitive, and immune function, but compacted into a lifespan that is 3-4 times shorter. As in humans, the social environment has also been linked to mortality in some nonhuman primates, including close relatives of macaques.
Social environmental modifiers of aging.
More socially integrated individuals are healthier and live longer, and this association is the strongest in the oldest individuals in a population. To identify the molecular underpinnings of this link, we draw behavioral and genomic data from both captive and free-ranging macaques. We merge cutting-edge functional genomic analyses with behavioral observation methods to study how behavioral variation might insulate individuals from the detrimental effects of social stress on health. This research has implications for understanding how social stress recapitulates, or even accelerates, the changes seen during normal aging. More broadly, identifying the molecular phenotypes on which natural selection acts will lead to a better understanding of both the evolution of affiliative social behaviors and the well-documented link between sociality and components of fitness.
Single cell atlas of the rhesus macaque brain.
New technologies are enabling molecular profiling of single brain cells at remarkable throughput. However, these new methods have yet to be extensively applied to the brains of model organisms that bridge the evolutionary distance between mouse and human, including the most common nonhuman primate model system – the rhesus macaque. As part of the Brain Initiative’s Cell Census Network, we are generating an anatomically resolved, single cell gene regulatory atlas of the rhesus macaque brain. This comprehensive atlas will allow us to characterize natural variation in chromatin accessibility and transcription within each cell type, between individuals, sexes, and across the natural lifespan of rhesus macaques. We anticipate that our atlas will be an essential resource, complementary to other efforts, for identifying the distribution and function of key cell types across the primate brain, allowing for the development of cell type- and region-specific molecular interventions that will help us understand brain function and the etiology, and potentially the treatment, of brain disorders.
Funding: NIH R00-AG051764; R01-AG060931, U01-MH121260
Collaborators: Lauren Brent, James Higham, Michael Platt, Jay Shendure, Mike Montague
If you are ever in the Ethiopia, you might find yourself surrounded by thousands of some of the most unique primates on the planet – gelada monkeys. These monkeys are often erroneously called ‘bleeding heart baboons’. Not because they don’t have blazingly red chests (they do!), but because geladas are not actually baboons – just close relatives that diverged ~3-5 million years ago. Historically, monkeys from the geladas’ genus, Theropithecus, ranged across East Africa. Now, it’s just the gelada monkey, Theropithecus gelada, found only in the highlands of Ethiopia — one of our two primary study species.
The immunogenomic consequences of sociality
As part of the Simien Mountains Gelada Research Project, we study how the highly social lives of geladas influences their health, reproduction, and survival. To do so, we draw on over a decade of demographic and behavioral data and combine it with genomic analyses: from whole genome sequencing to quantifying the microbes in the gut. Here, we can take findings from captive populations and extend them to the field to see how social integration may buffer individuals against more naturalistic stressors in the wild.
High altitude adaptation
One of the primary reasons that geladas endured – unlike their extinct Theropithecus relatives – is due to a panoply of unique adaptations to their resource-scarce, high altitude environment. In the thin air of the gelada’s habitat (≥ 3,000m above sea level), there is a dearth of nutrient rich foods. So the geladas depend almost entirely on the grasses that fill the plateaus – much like a cow. Graminivory is just one of the many gelada adaptations to their high-altitude environment. Others include their ability to thrive so high above sea level. Have geladas converged on similar high altitude adaptions that are also found in the genomes of people living in the Andes or Himalayas? Or has selection led to unique changes specific only to the gelada? In this line of work we aim to identify signatures of high altitude adaptation in the gelada monkey genome using samples collected across Ethiopia.
Funding: NSF BCS-2013888, BCS-2010309
Collaborators: Thore Bergman, Jacinta Beehner, Amy Lu, Laurie Reitsema
Who doesn’t love dogs? We’re part of the Dog Aging Project where we are trying to understand what makes dogs tick (and age). Our lab uses molecular tools to try and identify how age and the environment interact to alter the dog immune system.
Funding: NIH U19-AG057377
Collaborators: Daniel Promislow, Evan MacLean
DeCasien AR*, Chiou KL*, Testard C, Mercer A, Negrón-Del Valle JE, Bauman Surratt SE, González O, Stock MK, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martínez MI, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Antón SC, Walker CS, Sallet J, Wilson MA, Brent LJN, Montague MJ, Sherwood CC, Platt ML, Higham JP**, Snyder-Mackler N** (2022). “Evolutionary and biomedical implications of sex differences in the primate brain transcriptome” bioRxiv doi: 10.1101/2022.10.03.510711
Chiou KL*, Huang X*, Bohlen MO, Tremblay S, DeCasien AR, O’Day DR, Spurrell CH, Gogate AA, Zintel TM, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Andrews MG, Martínez MI, Starita LM, Montague MJ, Platt ML**, Shendure J**, Snyder-Mackler N** (2023). “A single-cell multi-omic atlas spanning the adult rhesus macaque brain” Science Advances. preprint: 10.1101/2022.09.30.510346v1 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1914
Painter MC, Gustison ML, Snyder-Mackler N, Tinsley Johnson E, le Roux A, Bergman TJ (2023) “Acoustic variation and group level convergence of gelada, Theropithecus gelada, contact calls” Animal Behaviour doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.10.002
Forsyth KK, McCoy BM, Schmid SM, Promislow D, Snyder-Mackler N, the DAP Consortium, Creevy KE (2023) “Lifetime prevalence of owner-reported medical conditions in the 25 most common dog breeds in the Dog Aging Project pack.” Frontier in Veterinary Science. vol 10, doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1140417
Newman LE*, Testard C*, DeCasien AR, Chiou KL, Watowich MM, Janiak MC, Pavez-Fox MA, Sanchez Rosado MR, Cooper EB, Costa CE, Petersen RM, Montague MM, Platt ML**, Brent LJN**, Snyder-Mackler N**, Higham JP** (2023). “The biology of aging in a social world: insights from free-ranging rhesus macaques” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral reviews. preprint: 10.1101/2023.01.28.525893v1, doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105424
Jarvey JC, Low BS, Haile AA, Chiou KL, Snyder-Mackler N, Lu A, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC, Schneider-Crease IS (2023). “Aggression rates increase around seasonally exploited resources in a primarily grass-eating primate.” Behavioral Ecology, arad079, doi: 10.1093/beheco/arad079
Watowich MM, Chiou KL, Graves B, Montague MJ, Brent LJN, Higham JP, Horvath JE, Lu A, Martinez MI, Platt ML, Schneider-Crease I, Lea AJ, Snyder-Mackler N** (2023). “Best practices for genotype imputation from low‐coverage sequencing data in natural populations.” Molecular Ecology Resources. doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13854
Petersen SM, Watowich MM, Renner LM, Martin S, Offenberg E, Lea AJ, Montague MJ, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Neuringer M, Ferguson B (2023). “Genetic variants in melanogenesis proteins TYRP1 and TYR are associated with the golden rhesus macaque phenotype.”G3. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad168
Patterson SK*, Petersen RM, Brent LJN, Snyder-Mackler N, Lea AJ, Higham JP (2023). “Natural animal populations as models for understanding early life adversity effects on aging.” Integrative and Comparative Biology, 63:3 doi: 10.1093/icb/icad058.
Shively CA, Frye BM, Negrey JD, Johnson CSC, Sutphen CL, Molina AJA, Yadav H, Snyder-Mackler N, Register TC (2023). “The Interactive Effects of Psychosocial Stress and Diet Composition on Health in Primates.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105320
Fernandes AG, Alexopoulos P, Burgos-Rodriguez A, Martinez MI, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Ghassibi M, Leskov I, Brent LJN, Snyder-Mackler N, Danias J, Wollstein G, Higham JP, Melin AD (2023). “Age-related differences in ocular features of a naturalistic free-ranging population of rhesus macaques.” Investigative Opthalmology and Visual Science, 64:7 doi: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.3
Prater KE, Green KJ, Mamde S, Sun W, Cochois A, Smith CL, Chiou KL, Heath L, Rose SE, Wiley J, Keene CD, Kwon RY, Snyder-Mackler N, Blue E, Logsdon B, Young JE, Shojaie A, Garden GA, Jayadev S (2023). “Human microglia show unique transcriptional changes in Alzheimer’s disease.” Nature Aging. doi: 10.1038/s43587-023-00424-y
McCoy BM*, Brassington L*, Jin K, Dobly GA, Shrager S, Collins D, Dunbar M, Dog Aging Project Consortium, Snyder-Mackler N** (2023). “Social determinants of health and disease in companion dogs: A cohort study from the Dog Aging Project” Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health. preprint: 10.1101/2022.04.08.487645 doi: 10.1093/emph/eoad011
DeLacey PM, Sen S, Schneider-Crease I, Chiou KL, Lemma A, Ayele F, Haile A, Lu A, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC, Snyder-Mackler N** (2023). “Vascularization underlies differences in sexually selected skin coloration in a wild primate.” Molecular Ecology. preprint: 10.22541/au.167359516.63326414/v1, doi: 10.1111/mec.17026
Siracusa ER, Pereira AS, Bohr Brask J, Negron-Del Valle JE, Phillips D, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Platt ML, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Brent LJN (2023). “Ageing in a collective: The impact of ageing individuals on social network structure.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 78:20220061. preprint: 10.1101/2022.08.10.503309; doi: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0061
Chiou KL, DeCasien AR, Rees KP, Testard C, Spurrell CH, Gogate AA, Pliner HA, Tremblay S, Mercer A, Whalen CJ, González O, Compo NR, Stock MK, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martínez MI, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Wilson MA, Melin AD, Antòn SC, Walker CS, Sallet J, Newbern JM, Starita LM, Shendure J, Higham JP, Brent LJN, Montague MJ, Platt ML, Snyder-Mackler N (2022). “Multiregion transcriptomic profiling of the primate brain reveals signatures of aging and the social environment.” Nature Neuroscience. doi: 10.1038/s41593-022-01197-0
Feder J, Beehner JC, Baniel A, Bergman TJ, Snyder-Mackler N, Lu A (2022) “Social drivers of maturation age in female geladas.” Behavioral Ecology. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arac028
Siracusa E, Higham JP, Snyder-Mackler N, Brent LJN (2022). “Social ageing: Exploring the drivers of late-life changes in social behaviour in mammals.” Biology Letters. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0643
Sloan E, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ, Lu A, Snyder-Mackler N, Jacquemyn H (2022) “Effects of climate variability on the demography of wild geladas.” Ecology and Evolution. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8759
Watowich MM, Chiou KL, Montague MJ, Cayo Biobank Research Unit, Simons ND, Horvath JE, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martínez MI, Higham JP, Brent LJN, Platt ML, Snyder-Mackler N** (2022) “Natural disaster and immunological aging in a nonhuman primate.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.2121663119
DeLacey PM, Perlman RF, Sen S, Schneider-Crease I, Chiou KL, Lemma A, Ayele F, Higham JP, Lu A, Snyder-Mackler N, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ (2022). “Assessing male gelada chest patches: color measurement and physiological mechanisms.” Mammalian Biology, doi: 10.1007/s42991-021-00211-5.
Snyder-Mackler N**, Snyder-Mackler L (2021). “Holistic Rehabilitation: Biological Embedding of Social Adversity and its Health Implications.” Physical Therapy Journal, pzab245, doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab245
Sociality predicts individual variation in the immunity of free-ranging rhesus macaques.” Physiology and Behavior 241:113560. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113560.
The Goldilocks Effect: Female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness
Chiou KL, Montague MJ, Goldman EA, Watowich MM, Sams SN, Song J, Horvath JE, Sterner KN, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Martinez MI, Higham JP, Brent LJN, Platt ML, Snyder-Mackler N** (2020). “Rhesus macaques as a tractable physiological model of human ageing.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367:11. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0612 preprint: 10.1101/2020.06.10.143669v1
Emery Thompson M, Rosati AG, Snyder-Mackler N (2020). “Insights from evolutionarily relevant models of human ageing. ” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367:11. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0605
Snyder-Mackler N, Burger JR, Gaydosh L, Belsky D, Noppert GA, Campos FA, Bartolomucci A, Yang YC, Aiello AE, O’Rand A, Mullan Harris K, Shively CA, Albert SC, Tung J (2020). “Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals.” Science, doi: 10.1126/science.aax9553
Gnanadesikan GE, Hare B, Snyder-Mackler N, MacLean EL (2020). “Estimating the heritability of cognitive traits across dog breeds reveals highly heritable inhibitory control and communication factors.” Animal Cognition, doi: 10.1007/s10071-020-01400-4
Gnanadesikan GE, Hare B, Snyder-Mackler N, Call J, Kaminski J, Miklosi A, MacLean EL (2020). “Breed differences in dog cognition associated with brain-expressed genes and neurological functions.” Integrative & Comparative Biology, doi: 10.1093/icb/icaa112
Schneider-Crease I, Beehner JC, Bergman T, Gomery M, Koklic L, Lu A, Snyder-Mackler N** (2020). “Ecology eclipses phylogeny as a major driver of nematode parasite community structure in an herbivorous primate.” Functional Ecology, doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13603.
Amato KR, Kuthyar S, Ekanayake-Weber M, Salmi R, Snyder-Mackler N, Wijayathunga L, Vandercone R, Lu A (2020). “Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Conservation of Endangered Langurs in Sri Lanka.” Biotropica, doi: 10.1111/btp.12805.
Watowich MM, MacLean EL, Hare B, Call J, Kaminski J, Miklosi A, Snyder-Mackler N** (2020). “Age influences domestic dog cognitive performance independent of average breed lifespan.” Animal Cognition, doi: 10.1007/s10071-020-01385-0
Ellis S, Snyder-Mackler N, Ruiz-Lambides A, Platt ML, Brent LJN (2019). “Deconstructing sociality: the types of social connections that predict longevity in a group-living primate.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1991
Snyder-Mackler N, Sanz J, Kohn JN, Voyles TN, Pique-Regi R, Wilson ME, Barreiro LB, Tung J (2018) “Social status alters chromatin accessibility and the gene regulatory response to glucocorticoid stimulation in rhesus macaques.”
Snyder-Mackler N* & Lea AJ* (2018). “Functional genomic insights into the environmental determinants of mammalian fitness.” Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2018.08.001
, , , , D,, ,,,,
Madlon-Kay S, Montague MJ, Brent LJN, Ellis S, Zhong B, Snyder-Mackler N, Horvath JE, Skene JHP, Platt ML (2018). “Weak effects of common genetic variation in oxytocin and vasopressin receptor genes on rhesus macaque social behavior.” American Journal of Primatology. doi:10.1002/ajp.22873
Tinsley Johnson E, Snyder-Mackler N, Lu A, Bergman TJ, Beehner JC (2018). “Social and ecological drivers of reproductive seasonality in geladas.” Behavioral Ecology. 29:3, 574–588. doi: 10.1093/beheco/ary008
Belsky D and Snyder-Mackler N (2017). “Invited Commentary: Integrating Genomics and Social Epidemiology—Analysis of Late-Life Low Socioeconomic Status and the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity” American Journal of Epidemiology, doi: 10.1093/aje/kwx145
Snyder-Mackler N and Tung J (2017). “Vasopressin and the neurogenetics of parental care”(“Spotlight” article on Bendesky et al. 2017, Nature) Neuron, 94:1, 9–11, doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.027 (* not peer-reviewed)
Schneider-Crease I, Griffin RH, Gomery MA, Dorny P, Noh JC, Handali S, Chastain HM, Wilkins PP, Nunn CL, Snyder-Mackler N, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ (2017). “Non-invasive diagnosis of endemic Taenia serialis infection in a wild primate population” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005709.
Snyder-Mackler N, Pappano DJ (2016). Gelada (Theropithecus). In The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. John Wiley & Sons, doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0252
Snyder-Mackler N*, Sanz J*, Kohn JN, Brinkworth JF, Morrow S, Shaver AO, Grenier J-C, Pique-Regi R, Johnson ZP, Wilson ME, Barreiro LB, Tung J (2016) “Social status alters immune regulation and response to infection in macaques” Science, 354:6315, 1041-1045, doi: 10.1126/science.aah3580.
Kohn JN, Snyder-Mackler N, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, Tung J, Wilson ME (2016) “Dominance rank causally affects personality and glucocorticoid regulation in female rhesus macaques” Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 179-188, doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.005.
Wall JD, Schlebusch SA, Alberts SC, Cox L, Snyder-Mackler N, Nevonen K, Carbone L, Tung J (2016) “Genome-wide ancestry and divergence patterns from low-coverage sequencing data reveal a complex history of admixture in wild baboons” Molecular Ecology, 25:14, 3469-3483, doi: 10.1111/mec.13684.
Snyder-Mackler N, Majoros B, Yuan ML, Shaver AO, Gordon JB, Kopp GH, Schlebusch SA, Wall JD, Alberts SC, Mukherjee S, Zhou S, Tung J (2016) “Efficient genome-wide sequencing and low coverage pedigree analysis from non-invasively collected samples.” Genetics, 203:2, 699-714, doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.187492.
Charruau P, Johnston R, Stahler DR, Lea AJ, Snyder-Mackler N, Smith DW, vonHoldt BM, Cole SW, Tung J, Wayne RK (2016) “Pervasive effects of aging on gene expression in wild wolves” Molecular Biology and Evolution, 33:8, 1967-1978, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw072.
Snyder-Mackler N, Kohn JN, Barreiro LB, Johnson ZP, Wilson ME, & Tung J (2016) – “Social status drives social relationships in groups of unrelated female rhesus macaques.” Animal Behaviour, 111, 307-317, doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.033.
Snyder-Mackler N, Alberts SC, & Bergman TJ (2014) – “The socio-genetics of a complex society: Female gelada monkey relatedness patterns mirror association patterns in a multi-level society” Molecular Ecology, 23:24, 6179-6191, doi: 10.1111/mec.12987.
Snyder-Mackler N, Somel M, & Tung J (2014) – “Shared signatures of social stress and aging in PBMC gene expression profiles.” Aging Cell,13:5, 954-957, doi: 10.1111/acel.12239.
Tinsley Johnson E*, Snyder-Mackler N*, Beehner JC & Bergman TJ (2014) – “Kinship and dominance rank influence the strength of social bonds in female geladas” International Journal of Primatology, 35:1, 288-304, doi:10.1007/s10764-013-9733-5.
Scheider-Crease I*, Snyder-Mackler N*, Jarvey JC & Bergman TJ (2013) – “Molecular identification of Taenia serialis coenurosis in a wild Ethiopian gelada (Theropithecus gelada)” Veterinary Parasitology, 198:1-2, 240-243, doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.015.
Le Roux, A, Snyder-Mackler N, Roberts EK, Beehner JC & Bergman TJ (2013) – “Evidence for tactical concealment in a wild primate” Nature Communications, 4:1462, doi: 10.1038/ncomms2468.
Snyder-Mackler N, Alberts SC & Bergman TJ (2012) – “Concessions of an alpha male? Cooperative defence and shared reproduction in multi-male primate groups.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279:1743, 3788-3795. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0842.
Pappano DJ*, Snyder-Mackler N*, Bergman TJ & Beehner JC (2012) – “Social predators in a multi-level society” Animal Behaviour, 84:3, 653-658. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.06.021.
Snyder-Mackler N, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ (2012) – “Defining higher levels in the multilevel societies of geladas (Theropithecus gelada)” International Journal of Primatology – 33:5, 1054:1068. doi: 10.1007/s10764-012-9584-5.
Gersick AS, Snyder-Mackler N, White DJ (2012) – “Ontogeny of social skills: social complexity improves mating and competitive strategies in male brown-headed cowbirds” Animal Behaviour, 83:5, 1171–1177. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.02.005.
White DJ, Gersick AS & Snyder-Mackler N (2012) – “Social networks and the development of social skills in cowbirds.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 367:1597, 1892-1900. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0223.
Snyder-Mackler N & White DJ (2011). “The developmental ecology of acoustic sensitivities: reactions to song playbacks by male cowbirds change across their first year of life.” Behaviour, 148:7, 747-764. doi: 10.1163/000579511X575951.
White DJ, Gersick AS, Freed-Brown SG & Snyder-Mackler N (2010). “The ontogeny of social skills: experimental increases in social complexity enhance reproductive success in adult cowbirds.” Animal Behavior, 79:2, 385-390. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.11.014.
* denotes co-first authorship.
